{"id":2625,"date":"2021-09-20T10:39:00","date_gmt":"2021-09-20T10:39:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/resfoundation.org\/rs\/?p=2625"},"modified":"2021-10-04T14:08:45","modified_gmt":"2021-10-04T14:08:45","slug":"kakva-je-buducnost-uredaja-za-grejanje-domacinstava-na-biomasu-na-zapadnom-balkanu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/resfoundation.org\/rs\/kakva-je-buducnost-uredaja-za-grejanje-domacinstava-na-biomasu-na-zapadnom-balkanu\/","title":{"rendered":"Kakva je budu\u0107nost ure\u0111aja za grejanje doma\u0107instava na biomasu na Zapadnom Balkanu?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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Autor: Du\u0161an Kitanovi\u0107<\/em><\/p>

\u00a0<\/p>

Na tr\u017ei\u0161tu sistema za grejanje na Zapadnom Balkanu nekada su tradicionalno dominirali aparati na \u010dvrsto gorivo koji su bili jeftini za kupovinu i snabdeveni energentima (drva i ugalj) koji su bili lako dostupni vec\u0301ini ljudi. U poslednjoj deceniji, sa uvo\u0111enjem pec\u0301i i kotlova na pelet, a u poslednje vreme i sa \u010ditavim nizom drugih alternativnih izvora grejanja, okolnosti su se promenile. Postepeno se mentalitet kupca po\u010deo menjati ka prihvatanju \u010distijih i efikasnijih re\u0161enja. Na\u017ealost, zbog finansijskih ograni\u010denja sa kojima se suo\u010dava vec\u0301ina stanovni\u0161tva Zapadnog Balkana, stari sistemi grejanja na \u010dvrsto gorivo su i dalje prisutni u velikom broju i nastavljaju da predstavljaju ozbiljnu opasnost po zdravlje ljudi i \u017eivotnu sredinu.<\/p>

Bilo je mnogo inicijativa za promovisanje i podsticanje zamene starih pec\u0301i na drva i ugalj novim, \u010distijim i ekolo\u0161ki prihvatljivijim tehnologijama. Vec\u0301ina ovih inicijativa nije uspela zbog neadekvatne finansijske podr\u0161ke i neodgovarajuc\u0301eg izbora predlo\u017eenih alternativa koje za vec\u0301inu ljudi nisu bile izvodljive. Ovi predlo\u017eeni alternativni izvori grejanja bili su gasni kotlovi, pumpe za grejanje, inverterski klima-ure\u0111aji, solarni sistemi grejanja i pec\u0301i i kotlovi na pelet. Vreme i njihov rastuc\u0301i tr\u017ei\u0161ni udeo na kraju su pokazali da je vec\u0301ina ljudi prepoznala aparate na pelet kao najdirektniju opciju zamene ure\u0111aja za grejanje na \u010dvrsto gorivo.<\/p>

Sagorevanje peleta je najnapredniji na\u010din kori\u0161c\u0301enja energije biomase u domac\u0301instvima. Smatra se ekolo\u0161ki prihvatljivim izvorom grejanja zbog male koli\u010dine pepela i ugljenika oslobo\u0111enog sagorevanjem. Ure\u0111aji na na pelet su pogodniji za rukovanje od obi\u010dnih pec\u0301i na drva ili kamina i imaju mnogo vec\u0301u efikasnost sagorevanja i grejanja.<\/p>

Trenutno postoje razli\u010diti standardi i regulacije koje se odnose na ure\u0111aje za grejanje na pelet i \u010dvrsta goriva. Postoje evropski standardi, s tim \u0161to mnoge dr\u017eave imaju dodatne zahteve (u Nema\u010dkoj BImSchV, u Francuskoj Flamme verte, u Italiji Lombardia DGR5656, u Austriiji ART.15a\u00a0 BV-G, u Ujedinjenom Kraljevstvu Ricardo\/DEFRA, i mnogi drugi). Regulacija eko-dizajna donosi jo\u0161 restriktivnija ograni\u010denja za efikasnost i emisije. Uredba 2015\/1189 za kotlove po\u010dela je da se primenjuje od 1. januara 2020. Uredba 2015\/1185 za lokalne greja\u010de prostora primenjivac\u0301e se od 1. januara 2022. godine.<\/strong>\u00a0<\/p>

Jedna od najvec\u0301ih prednosti ure\u0111aja na pelet je njihov potencijal za prilago\u0111avanje. U bliskoj buduc\u0301nosti ograni\u010denja emisije izduvnih gasova postac\u0301e samo restriktivnija i ove okolnosti favorizuju ure\u0111aje na pelet u pore\u0111enju sa ure\u0111ajima na \u010dvrsto gorivo. Automatizovano sagorevanje u ure\u0111ajima na pelet \u010dini ih fleksibilnim i programabilnim, \u0161to omoguc\u0301ava mnogo lak\u0161i i br\u017ei razvoj novih proizvoda. Vec\u0301ina ure\u0111aja na ugalj potpuno je ukinuta \u010dak i pre nego \u0161to je eko-dizajn po\u010deo da se primenjuje zbog \u010dinjenice da su emisije jo\u0161 ve\u0107e nego kod ure\u0111aja na drvo.<\/p>

Po\u0161to je proces sagorevanja u ure\u0111ajima na \u010dvrsto gorivo uglavnom odre\u0111en njihovom strukturom i odvodom izduvnih gasova, \u010dak i najmanja pobolj\u0161anja sagorevanja zahtevaju promene u konstrukciji pec\u0301i. Vrlo \u010desto, da bi se pobolj\u0161alo sagorevanje, potrebno je potpuno redizajnirati ure\u0111aje na drvo i za ovaj proces je potrebno toliko resursa koliko i za izradu potpuno novih. To je jedan od glavnih razloga iz kojih ure\u0111aji na drvo polako gube korak u trci sa novim propisima.\u00a0\u00a0<\/p>

Najnoviji prora\u010dun pokazuje da su tro\u0161kovi grejanja na ure\u0111aje na pelet i drva skoro jednaki, s tim \u0161to je pelet jo\u0161 i ekonomi\u010dniji. Na primer, povr\u0161ina od 80 m\u00b2 u kuc\u0301i ili stanu sa prose\u010dnom toplotnom izolacijom zahtevac\u0301e oko 2,5 tone peleta ili 10 kubnih metara drveta za jednu grejnu sezonu. Prose\u010dna cena peleta u Srbiji je 200 EUR \/ t, a prose\u010dna cena drveta 45 EUR \/ 1m\u00b3. Drvo tako\u0111e zahteva pripremu u vidu se\u010de<\/strong> i skladi\u0161tenja<\/strong> koje ko\u0161ta oko 50 EUR \/ 10 m3 i su\u0161enjem jer nije moguc\u0301e kupiti suvo drvo. Ako korisnici \u017eele imati odgovarajuc\u0301u funkcionalnost ure\u0111aja na drva, moraju kupiti drvo barem nekoliko meseci unapred kako bi drvo moglo biti dovoljno suvo kada po\u010dne sezona grejanja. Upotreba drveta nije samo skuplja, vec\u0301 zahteva i znatno vi\u0161e vremena za pripremu.\u00a0<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t

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Trenutni trend pokazuje da se proces zamene ure\u0111aja na drva ure\u0111ajima na pelet intenzivira sve vec\u0301im brojem ljudi koji se svake godine odlu\u010duju za pelet, \u0161to je dovelo do toga da sve vec\u0301i broj proizvo\u0111a\u010da i distributera peleta pove\u0107aju ponudu za sve.<\/p>

Na Zapadnom Balkanu postoji nekoliko proizvo\u0111a\u010da ure\u0111aja na pelet koji nude \u0161irok spektar proizvoda. Tr\u017ei\u0161te za isporuku peleta je veoma konkurentno u pore\u0111enju sa drugim alternativnim izvorima grejanja u kojima obi\u010dno dominira nekoliko proizvo\u0111a\u010da ili uvoznika. Sledec\u0301a tabela prikazuje pore\u0111enje maloprodajnih cena za razli\u010dite vrste ure\u0111aja na pelet i drva:<\/p>

Vrsta ure\u0111aja<\/b><\/p><\/td>

Maloprodajna cena u Srbiji (EUR)<\/b><\/p><\/td><\/tr>

Pe\u0107 na pelet na vazduh<\/p><\/td>

650 \u2013 1 150<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

Pe\u0107 na pelet na vodu<\/p><\/td>

1 150 \u2013 1 700<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

Kotao na pelet 18kw-100kw\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

1 800 \u2013 4 100<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u0160poret na pelet na vazduh<\/p><\/td>

980 \u2013 1 100<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

\u0160poret na pelet na vodu\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

1 500 \u2013 1 700<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

Luksuzne pe\u0107i na drva na vazduh<\/p><\/td>

Up to 1 100<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

Luksuzne pe\u0107i na drva na vodu<\/p><\/td>

Up to 700<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

Kotao na drva<\/p><\/td>

1 000-1 700<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

Luksuzni \u0161poreti na drva na vazduh\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

Do 850<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

Luksuzni \u0161poreti na drva na vodu<\/p><\/td>

Do 1 200<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

Jeftinije pe\u0107i na drva na vazduh\u00a0<\/p><\/td>

120<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

Jeftinije pe\u0107i na drva na vodu<\/p><\/td>

300<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

Jeftiniji \u0161poreti na drva na vazduh<\/p><\/td>

150<\/p><\/td><\/tr>

Jeftiniji \u0161poreti na drva na vodu<\/p><\/td>

420<\/p><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>

Neke procene pokazuju da postoji najmanje 3 miliona starih grejnih ure\u0111aja na drva koje je potrebno zameniti. U mnogim ruralnim podru\u010djima ljudi c\u0301e radije koristiti pec\u0301i na drva zbog \u010dinjenice da mnogi od njih poseduju \u0161ume i drvo im je u osnovi besplatno gorivo. U ovom slu\u010daju va\u017eno je obezbediti grejne ure\u0111aje na drva koji ispunjavaju ekolo\u0161ke norme kao opciju za takve korisnike, kako bi mogli stare neefikasne pec\u0301i na drva zameniti novim i efikasnim. Mnogi ure\u0111aji na drva su redizajnirani kako bi postali mnogo \u010distiji i ekolo\u0161ki prihvatljiviji.\u00a0 \u00a0<\/p>

Postoji nekoliko drugih alternativnih izvora grejanja koji bi mogli donekle zameniti ure\u0111aje na \u010dvrsto gorivo, ali ovi izvori grejanja tako\u0111e imaju neka ozbiljna ograni\u010denja koja spre\u010davaju njihovu \u0161iroku upotrebu na Balkanu. Prepreka za kotlove na gas jeste dostupnost prirodnog gasa. Toplotne pumpe su veoma skupe i dugoro\u010dne investicije sa mnogo du\u017eim vremenom povrata. Solarno grejanje je pogodnije za pasivnu upotrebu (sanitarna voda) nego kao glavni izvor grijanja. Mnogi zagovornici vode sna\u017ene kampanje za promociju kotlova na gas, toplotnih pumpi i solarnih sistema grejanja, ali je iz razli\u010ditih razloga vec\u0301ina korisnika i dalje uzdr\u017eana prema ovim alternativama. \u00a0<\/p>

Efekti klimatskih promena i globalnog zagrevanja prisutni su svuda i mogu se videti \u010dak i u regionu Zapadnog Balkana. Vi\u0161e nije prihvatljivo kupiti ure\u0111aj za grejanje bez razmatranja njegovog globalnog uticaja na prirodno okru\u017eenje, ali sve vi\u0161e i na li\u010dno i javno zdravlje. Potrebna je zajedni\u010dka akcija i) korisnika, koji moraju biti svesniji savremenijih re\u0161enja i praksi, ii) vlada, koje moraju povec\u0301ati napore i finansijsku podr\u0161ku za nove alternativne izvore energije kako bi ubrzale zamenu ure\u0111aja uprkos ograni\u010denoj kupovnoj moc\u0301i mnogih ljudi, i na kraju iii) proizvo\u0111a\u010da, koji moraju poja\u010dati napore u oblasti istra\u017eivanja i razvoja kako bi stvorili najefikasnija i najekonomi\u010dnija re\u0161enja za \u010diste sisteme grejanja.\u0160poret na pelet na vazduh<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Autor: Du\u0161an Kitanovi\u0107 \u00a0 Na tr\u017ei\u0161tu sistema za grejanje na Zapadnom Balkanu nekada su tradicionalno dominirali aparati na \u010dvrsto gorivo koji su bili jeftini za kupovinu i snabdeveni energentima (drva i ugalj) koji su bili lako dostupni vec\u0301ini ljudi. U poslednjoj deceniji, sa uvo\u0111enjem pec\u0301i i kotlova na pelet, a u poslednje vreme i sa […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2626,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[37],"tags":[19],"class_list":["post-2625","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog-postovi","tag-energetskatranzicija"],"yoast_head":"\nKakva je budu\u0107nost ure\u0111aja za grejanje doma\u0107instava na biomasu na Zapadnom Balkanu? - RES fondacija<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/resfoundation.org\/rs\/kakva-je-buducnost-uredaja-za-grejanje-domacinstava-na-biomasu-na-zapadnom-balkanu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sr_RS\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Kakva je budu\u0107nost ure\u0111aja za grejanje doma\u0107instava na biomasu na Zapadnom Balkanu? - RES fondacija\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Autor: Du\u0161an Kitanovi\u0107 \u00a0 Na tr\u017ei\u0161tu sistema za grejanje na Zapadnom Balkanu nekada su tradicionalno dominirali aparati na \u010dvrsto gorivo koji su bili jeftini za kupovinu i snabdeveni energentima (drva i ugalj) koji su bili lako dostupni vec\u0301ini ljudi. 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