{"id":3783,"date":"2023-10-22T15:59:48","date_gmt":"2023-10-22T15:59:48","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/resfoundation.org\/rs\/?p=3783"},"modified":"2023-10-22T16:19:52","modified_gmt":"2023-10-22T16:19:52","slug":"dok-gore-gume-i-cipele","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/resfoundation.org\/rs\/dok-gore-gume-i-cipele\/","title":{"rendered":"Dok gore gume i cipele"},"content":{"rendered":"
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\"\"<\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n

Izvor: <\/em>Vreme<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Autor: Damjan Marti\u0107<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Autorka fotografije: Marija Jankovi\u0107<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pre nekoliko dana zapo\u010dela je nova sezona grejanja. Radijatori u stambenim objektima priklju\u010denim na daljinsko grejanje upaljeni su 15. oktobra. S druge strane, kako je zahladilo u poslednjih nekoliko dana, aktivirala su se i individualna lo\u017ei\u0161ta, odnosno doma\u0107instva koja koriste energetski neefikasna i \u0161tetna goriva, \u0161to se ve\u0107 mo\u017ee videti i po vazduhu u Beogradu. U jutarnjim satima, dana kada zavr\u0161avamo ovaj tekst, u nekoliko beogradskih op\u0161tina vazduh je zbog pove\u0107ane koncentracije PM 2.5 bio klasifikovan kao opasan za osetljive grupe. Individualna lo\u017ei\u0161ta su, tokom grejne sezone, prepoznata kao jedan od najve\u0107ih zaga\u0111iva\u010da.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tendencija da se \u0161to vi\u0161e doma\u0107instava prebaci na daljinsko grejanje postoji, a i u pitanju je va\u017ean i neizbe\u017ean proces kako bi se pobolj\u0161ala energetska efikasnost na nivou cele dr\u017eave. Me\u0111utim, re\u010d je o dugom i za doma\u0107instva prili\u010dno mukotrpnom poslu, odnosno pozama\u0161nom finansijskom tro\u0161ku. Tokom 2020. godine, premijerka Ana Brnabi\u0107 je najavila da \u0107e iskorenjivanje individualnih lo\u017ei\u0161ta biti postignuto do 2025. godine. Uprkos odre\u0111enim pomacima, \u010dini se da \u0107e taj rok, kao i mnogi drugi, biti debelo probijen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

KAKO SE GREJEMO<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prema podacima Republi\u010dkog zavoda za statistiku, na osnovu ankete ra\u0111ene 2020. godine, primaran na\u010din grejanja je za 45,15 odsto doma\u0107instava bilo grejanje na drva, za 20,7 odsto je to bilo daljinsko grejanje, a pelet za svega 2,3 odsto.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ministarstvo rudarstva i energetike u saradnji sa gradskim op\u0161tinama i lokalnim samoupravama subvencioni\u0161e zamenu starih pe\u0107i i kotlova u doma\u0107instvima koja funkcioni\u0161u na principu individualnih lo\u017ei\u0161ta. Doma\u0107instva prose\u010dno dobijaju oko osamdeset hiljada dinara u vidu bespovratnih sredstava, dok ostatak moraju da plate sama. Uglavnom se za to prijavljuju doma\u0107instva koja koriste kotlove na ugalj, sa ciljem da pre\u0111u na gas ili pelet. Ove vrste energetske transformacije na mikro nivou i dalje su na dobrovoljnoj bazi, ali \u0107e, pre ili kasnije, do\u0107i do trenutka kada \u0107e ugalj morati da bude u potpunosti zamenjen.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zanimljivo je da neki gradovi imaju jako slab odziv na pomenuta subvencionisanja, pa se javni pozivi raspisuju u nekoliko navrata, jer opredeljena sredstva nisu potro\u0161ena. Jedan takav primer je Ni\u0161, jedan od najzaga\u0111enijih gradova u Srbiji. Pro\u0161le godine za zamenu starih kotlova i pe\u0107i u doma\u0107instvima u Ni\u0161u izdvojeno 17.6 miliona dinara, ali je, i nakon prva dva poziva, skoro tre\u0107ina sredstava ostala neutro\u0161ena. S jedne strane, razlog mo\u017ee biti neinformisanost gra\u0111ana o postojanju ovih subvencija, ali odre\u0111enu ulogu igra i nedovoljna zainteresovanost \u2013 razloga za to je vi\u0161e \u2013 da se napuste prljavi izvori energije, \u0161to ote\u017eava situaciju i dugoro\u010dno posmatrano.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Individualna lo\u017ei\u0161ta su problem koji mora da se re\u0161i. Doma\u0107instva koja u kotlovima sagorevaju ugalj i drva mora\u0107e u nekom trenutku pre\u0107i na druge energente, koji manje zaga\u0111uju. Jedan od razloga za odlaganje prelaska na gas, primera radi, mo\u017ee biti i strah od drasti\u010dnog porasta cene gasa kao energenta, te bojazan od velikih ra\u010duna u budu\u0107nosti. Iako grejanje na drva na prvi pogled ne deluje \u0161tetno po \u017eivotnu sredinu kao grejanje na ugalj, i te kako to jeste. Pelet je kao energent mnogo efikasniji; za istu koli\u010dinu mo\u017ee se dobiti mnogo vi\u0161e toplote nego od drveta koje neracionalno rasipa energiju. Iskoristljivost ovog energenta je preko 90 odsto, dok je kod drveta i uglja najvi\u0161e 70 odsto. Tako\u0111e, sagoreli pelet stvara neuporedivo manje pepela, tek izme\u0111u 0,5 i 1,5 odsto. Me\u0111utim, stvar je ipak kompleksnija.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Programski direktor RES Fondacije Aleksandar Macura ka\u017ee za \u201cVreme\u201d da kori\u0161\u0107enje peleta zaista omogu\u0107ava komfornije grejanje usled ve\u0107e mogu\u0107nosti za automatizaciju, kao i da u na\u010delu dozvoljava bolje sagorevanje, pa i ne\u0161to ve\u0107u efikasnost i ni\u017ee emisije. Dodaje, me\u0111utim, da proizvodnja peleta ipak zahteva veliku potro\u0161nju energije, pa je pelet gorivo sa nepovoljnim odnosom ulo\u017eene energije u proizvodnju i dobijene korisne toplotne energije. Kako Macura obja\u0161njava, kada je u pitanju prelaz na daljinsko grejanje, treba imati u vidu da infrastruktura nije svuda dostupna, da \u201cdana\u0161nje daljinsko grejanje u Republici Srbiji koje se zasniva na grejanju vode ogromnim kotlovima koji koriste uvozni prirodni gas i na distribuciji tako zagrejane vode kroz hiljade kilometara cevi ne mo\u017ee biti ekonomski konkurentno bez ozbiljnog upliva dr\u017eave na tr\u017ei\u0161tu energije i energenata\u201d. Smatra da takvo grejanje nije daljinsko grejanje budu\u0107nosti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

KO PRE\u017dIVLJAVA<\/strong>, NE BIRA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

A poseban problem predstavljaju individualna lo\u017ei\u0161ta koja ne koriste ni samo ove energente, ve\u0107 ih kombinuju sa sirovinama koje nisu predvi\u0111ene za grejanje, poput starog name\u0161taja, laminata, jeftinog i nekvalitetnog uglja ili bilo \u010dega \u0161to mo\u017ee da gori. U mnogim doma\u0107instvima se nalaze i stare, neefikasne pe\u0107i koje nisu predvi\u0111ene za sve vrste energenata, te se na taj na\u010din ugro\u017eavaju i zdravlje i okolina.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prema podacima Ministarstva rudarstva i energetike iz 2021. godine, a kako je pisao \u201cEnergetski portal\u201d, individualna lo\u017ei\u0161ta su tre\u0107i najve\u0107i zaga\u0111iva\u010d u Srbiji, posle velikih energetskih postrojenja i saobra\u0107aja. Najekstremniji primeri su sagorevanja gume, plastike, stare ode\u0107e i obu\u0107e. Uzrok toga je \u2013 energetsko siroma\u0161tvo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zakon o energetskoj efikasnosti i racionalnoj upotrebi energije, donesen 2021. godine, propisao je, osim u\u0161tede energije, i smanjenje \u0161tetnog uticaja sagorevanja na \u017eivotnu sredinu, kao i zabranu spaljivanja guma i plastike. Za ovo poslednje su propisane i kazne, a u Zakonu je jasno nazna\u010deno da bi gra\u0111ani koji koriste individualna lo\u017ei\u0161ta trebalo da pre\u0111u na energente koji manje zaga\u0111uju okolinu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Iako su za ovaj prekr\u0161aj predvi\u0111ene kazne i do sto pedeset hiljada dinara, nema podataka o tome da li ih je iko do sada platio. Me\u0111utim, \u010dak i da se kazne redovno napla\u0107uju, te\u0161ko da bi to re\u0161ilo problem. Za\u0161to?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

ENERGETSKO SIROMA\u0160TVO<\/strong>, TE\u0160KA BOLJKA<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aleksandar Macura defini\u0161e energetsko siroma\u0161tvo kao stanje u kojem pojedinac ili doma\u0107instvo nemaju na raspolaganju dovoljno mogu\u0107nosti ili resursa da obezbede koli\u010dinu energetskih usluga koja je neophodna za zdrav i dostojanstven \u017eivot, na na\u010din koji ne ugro\u017eava obezbe\u0111enje drugih osnovnih \u017eivotnih potreba \u010dlanova doma\u0107instva ili \u0161ire zajednice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Energetsko siroma\u0161tvo i individualna lo\u017ei\u0161ta idu zajedno. Upravo oni gra\u0111ani koji lo\u017ee razli\u010dite sirovine koje nisu energenti spadaju u ovu kategoriju. Macura ka\u017ee za \u201cVreme\u201d da energetsko siroma\u0161tvo poga\u0111a sasvim sigurno vi\u0161e od milion doma\u0107instava u Srbiji, te da \u201cuzrokuje prekomernu potro\u0161nju novca i resursa (pre svega drveta) za dobijanje nedovoljne koli\u010dine energije\u201d uz, kako isti\u010de, stra\u0161ne posledice po \u017eivotnu sredinu, uklju\u010duju\u0107i i zaga\u0111enje vazduha. Kada se tome dodaju nestabilne cene energenata na tr\u017ei\u0161tu, \u0161to nije slu\u010daj samo u Srbiji, dobar deo ovih doma\u0107instava nema prevelikog izbora. Stoga, nov\u010dane kazne ne\u0107e re\u0161iti problem, ve\u0107 ga samo mogu produbiti. Naravno, to ne zna\u010di da zaga\u0111enje \u017eivotne sredine ne treba da bude ka\u017enjivo zakonom, ve\u0107 samo da je energetsko siroma\u0161tvo ozbiljan problem i prepreka ka postizanju energetske efikasnosti koja se mora re\u0161avati sa najvi\u0161ih instanci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pro\u0161le godine je usvojena Uredba o energetski ugro\u017eenom kupcu koja defini\u0161e ovaj pojam i predvi\u0111a odre\u0111ene povlastice za doma\u0107instva koja spadaju u tu kategoriju \u2013 subvencionisanje cene elektri\u010dne energije i cene grejanja na gas u odre\u0111enim mesecima. Subvencionisanja nema za one koji se greju na ugalj ili drva, s obzirom da bi na taj na\u010din dr\u017eava subvencionisala ne\u0161to \u0161to poku\u0161ava da prevazi\u0111e kao energent. Me\u0111utim, problem je u tome \u0161to tako energetski ugro\u017eeni kupci ostaju izvan dometa pomo\u0107i, s obzirom da su ve\u0107ina tih doma\u0107instava individualna lo\u017ei\u0161ta koja koriste \u010dvrste izvore energije poput uglja i drveta. Na taj se na\u010din energetsko siroma\u0161tvo tretira samo delimi\u010dno, dok je za energetski ugro\u017eena, siroma\u0161na doma\u0107instva ulaganje u nove kotlove i pe\u0107i \u010dak i sa subvencijama, skoro neizvodljiv poduhvat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Koje mere dr\u017eava preduzima da se energetsko siroma\u0161tvo umanji?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kako Macura obja\u0161njava, sem subvencija, ona ne \u010dini skoro ni\u0161ta da izmeni situaciju putem unapre\u0111enja energetske efikasnosti. Tako\u0111e, prema njegovim re\u010dima, mehanizmi podr\u0161ke za unapre\u0111enje energetske efikasnosti koje sprovodi dr\u017eava u saradnji sa lokalnim samoupravama u potpunosti \u201cproma\u0161uju\u201d ve\u0107i deo stanovni\u0161tva, jer doma\u0107instva u stanju energetskog siroma\u0161tva ili pod pretnjom od energetskog siroma\u0161tva obi\u010dno nisu u stanju da sufinansiraju te mere, ali dodaje da u nekim lokalnim samoupravama poput U\u017eica i Priboja postoje napori da se unapredi energetska efikasnost u energetski siroma\u0161nim doma\u0107instvima.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Drugim re\u010dima, kako Aleksandar Macura, isti\u010de, Srbija jeste po\u010dela da se bavi ovim pitanjem, ali \u201cnedovoljno i nedovoljno brzo\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Izvor: Vreme Autor: Damjan Marti\u0107 Autorka fotografije: Marija Jankovi\u0107 Pre nekoliko dana zapo\u010dela je nova sezona grejanja. Radijatori u stambenim objektima priklju\u010denim na daljinsko grejanje upaljeni su 15. oktobra. S druge strane, kako je zahladilo u poslednjih nekoliko dana, aktivirala su se i individualna lo\u017ei\u0161ta, odnosno doma\u0107instva koja koriste energetski neefikasna i \u0161tetna goriva, \u0161to […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1163,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[20,19,21],"class_list":["post-3783","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-inmediasres","tag-energetskaefikasnost","tag-energetskatranzicija","tag-energetskosiromastvo"],"yoast_head":"\nDok gore gume i cipele - RES fondacija<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/resfoundation.org\/rs\/dok-gore-gume-i-cipele\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sr_RS\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Dok gore gume i cipele - RES fondacija\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Izvor: Vreme Autor: Damjan Marti\u0107 Autorka fotografije: Marija Jankovi\u0107 Pre nekoliko dana zapo\u010dela je nova sezona grejanja. Radijatori u stambenim objektima priklju\u010denim na daljinsko grejanje upaljeni su 15. oktobra. S druge strane, kako je zahladilo u poslednjih nekoliko dana, aktivirala su se i individualna lo\u017ei\u0161ta, odnosno doma\u0107instva koja koriste energetski neefikasna i \u0161tetna goriva, \u0161to […]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/resfoundation.org\/rs\/dok-gore-gume-i-cipele\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"RES fondacija\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2023-10-22T15:59:48+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-10-22T16:19:52+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/resfoundation.org\/rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/unnamed.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"300\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"202\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Admin\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u041d\u0430\u043f\u0438\u0441\u0430\u043d\u043e \u043e\u0434\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Admin\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u045a\u0435\u043d\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435 \u0447\u0438\u0442\u0430\u045a\u0430\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 \u043c\u0438\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0430\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/resfoundation.org\/rs\/dok-gore-gume-i-cipele\/#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/resfoundation.org\/rs\/dok-gore-gume-i-cipele\/\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Admin\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/resfoundation.org\/rs\/#\/schema\/person\/742e2bf0bb2a53a86ecf6c4ad424f2ec\"},\"headline\":\"Dok gore gume i cipele\",\"datePublished\":\"2023-10-22T15:59:48+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-10-22T16:19:52+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/resfoundation.org\/rs\/dok-gore-gume-i-cipele\/\"},\"wordCount\":1527,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/resfoundation.org\/rs\/#organization\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/resfoundation.org\/rs\/dok-gore-gume-i-cipele\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/resfoundation.org\/rs\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/unnamed.png\",\"keywords\":[\"EnergetskaEfikasnost\",\"EnergetskaTranzicija\",\"EnergetskoSiroma\u0161tvo\"],\"articleSection\":[\"In medias RES\"],\"inLanguage\":\"sr-RS\"},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/resfoundation.org\/rs\/dok-gore-gume-i-cipele\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/resfoundation.org\/rs\/dok-gore-gume-i-cipele\/\",\"name\":\"Dok gore gume i cipele - 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